CALL FOR PAPERS: The concept of Hazard, Legal historians PhD workshop - University of Lille [Deadline 15 DEC 2022]

 Call for Papers

The Hazard

 

The concept of hazard having the aim of protecting against the unforeseen, it is very logically in terms of insurance that we first see it emerge in the legal field. Thus, the first attempt to limit the risk appears in French law with the bottomry in the Middle Ages. Likewise, Common Law, with the case law Carter v. Boehm of 1766 focusing on the notion of good faith in terms of contracts, links the hazard with the insurance contract. 

Nevertheless, the definition of hazard is not limited to business law. The French jurist  G. Cornu states that « element of chance, of uncertainty which introduces, into the economy of an operation, a chance of gain or loss for those concerned  {...} is of the essence of certain contracts ». Thus encompassing both the random contract defined by article 1108 of the civil code «when the parties agree to make the effects of the contract, as regards the advantages and losses which will result from it, depend on an uncertain event» that the commutative contract, though supposed to be little subject to hazards. An accidental element can occur in this type of contract without systematically calling into question the commutative nature of the contract. Caton, taken over by Pompon ùius (D., XVIII,I, 8) didn't he consider that the sale of an object was nothing other than a « buying of the hazard » ?

However, limiting the hazard to a purely contractual vision would lead to the exclusion of many legal fields which are nevertheless concerned. Thus, institutional law, unless considering J.-J. Rousseau's social contract, as a real contract, would be excluded from it even though it is directly concerned by the desire to guard against the hazard. The example of the Roman Republic perfectly illustrates this link by its state of emergency system which allows the appointment of a dictator to handle a crisis, a hazard threatening the institutions of the Republic.The principle of choosing a man to deal with the risks and restore the institutional order will cross the ages. Thus, the Constitution of the Fifth French Republic can grant by its article 16, full powers to the head of the executive in order to manage a crisis that could threaten the institutions of the Republic. This constancy of the hazard through the ages is also found in other less visible laws, such as medical law, which is linked to this notion by the therapeutic hazard. The problem is already present under the Old Regime and multiplies with the medical experiments that take place from the 18th century. 

A contrario, some legal fields reject any reference to hazard, such as the law of war. Thus, the modern authors of jus gentium abandon the idea of subjecting war to chance (namely the drawing of lots) that Grotius had admitted in a few cases ('sortis aleae subiici belli exitus licite non semper potest', De iure belli ac pacis, III.20.42). Other fields which traditionally refuse the hazard, such as the climatic and environmental fields are beginning to accept this notion. None of the rules laid down to try to circumscribe the hazard is enough to prove that Mallarmé was wrong. Him who wrote that a throw of the dice had never abolish chance. This is undoubtedly the reason why the concept is the subject of new legal work permanently in positive law. One of the common points of these works is to make the management of the hazard depend on its form. : is it mere chance or risk, is risk a negative or a positive thing ?

A study day of PhD students at the Center d'Histoire Judiciaire de Lille, will be held on March 24, 2023, aims to conduct a legal and historical reflection on the contours of the notion of hazard, around oral presentation of a duration of 15 min in French or in English. Paper proposals, which are mainly aimed at doctoral students and young researchers, will be sent before Thursday, December 15, 2022 midnight to the following email address: doctorantchj@gmail.com. The text will be written in Times New Roman font of size 12 with a line spacing of 1.5 and must not exceed 4,000 characters (including spaces). PDF format is preferred. Communications must be in French or English.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

I. Monographies  

- BAILLOT ( Philippe ), L’aléa, Paris, Dalloz, 2011  

- BÉNABENT ( Alain ), La chance et le droit, Paris, Libraire générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1973  - BENSA ( M.E. ), Histoire du Contrat d’Assurance au Moyen-Âge, Paris, Albert Fontemoing, 1897  

- BESSIN ( Marc ) et al., Bifurcations : les sciences sociales face aux ruptures et à l’évènement, Paris, La  Découverte, 2016  

- CARBONNIER ( Jean ), Flexible droit, Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1991  

- CORNU ( Gérard ), Vocabulaire juridique, Association Henri Capitant, Paris, Presses Universitaires de  France, 7e édition, 2005 

- DEMONT ( Bruno ), LEVENEUR ( Laurent ), L’aléa dans le contrat d’assurance, Paris, LGDJ-Lextenso  éditions, 2013  

- DOBRY ( Michel ), Sociologie des crises politiques : la dynamique des mobilisations multisectorielles,  Paris, Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 2009 

- DOWNE ( Alexis ), La gestion des risques contractuels par le contrat : étude du droit français à la  lumière du droit anglais, Toulouse, Presses de l’Université de Toulouse, 2018  

- ETIER ( Guillaume ), Du risque à la faute : évolution de la responsabilité civile pour le risque du droit  romain au droit commun, Bruxelles, Bruylant Genève, 2006 

- FRYDMAN ( René ), FLIS-TRÈVES ( Muriel ), L’imprévu : Infortune ou opportunité ?, Paris, PUF, 2016  

- GABAYET ( Nicolas ), L’aléa dans les contrats publics en droit anglais et droit français, Issy-les Moulineaux, LGDJ, 2015  

- GAEL-RAGOT ( Génica ), Le risque de faillite : surveillance et gestion, Paris, Ed. comptable  Malesherbes, 1995  

- HEWARD (Edmund), Lord Mansfield : A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years, London, Barry Rose, 1979 

- HONORAT ( Jean ), L’idée d’acceptation des risques dans la responsabilité civile, Paris, Librairie  générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1969  

- KAHN ( Raymond ), La notion de l’aléa dans les contrats, Paris, Jouve, 1924  

- LACASSE ( Nicole ), La gestion des risques dans les contrats internationaux, Montréal, Wilson &  Lafleur, 1991  

- MACKAAY ( Ejan ), Les incertitudes du droit :, Uncertainty and the law, Montréal, Thémis, 1999 

- MATHIEU ( Anne-Laure ), Logique et raisonnement juridique, Paris, Presses universitaires de France,  2001  

- MATTÉI ( Jean-Mathieu ), Histoire du droit de la guerre ( 1700-1819 ). Introduction à l’histoire du droit  international, Marseille, Presses universitaires d’Aix-Marseille, 2015  

- MITCHELL (Charles), MITCHELL (Paul), Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract, Oxford, Hart publishing, 2008

- POTHIER ( Robert Joseph ), Traités des contrats aléatoires : selon les règles, tant du for de la  conscience, que du for extérieur, Paris, Debure père, Imp. du Roi, de l'Evêché, & de l'Université, 1770.

- ROSSI (Guido), Insurance in Elizabethan England: The London Code, Cambridge, Cambridge university press, 2016.

WILSON (Mark), Dictator: the evolution of the Roman dictatorship, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2021.

Call for Papers

- ROUX ( Jean-André ), La défense contre le crime : répression et prévention, Paris, Félix Alcan, 1922  

- SAISON ( JOHANNE ), Le risque médical : évolution de la responsabilité sans faute du service public  hospitalier, Paris, Éditions L’Harmattan, 1999  

- SANSÉVÉRINO-GODFRIN ( Valérie ), Le cadre juridique de la gestion des risques naturels, Paris, Ed  Tec& doc-Lavoisier, 2008 

- SIMON ( Anne ), L’imprévu et le droit, Paris, Mare & Martin, 2017  

- VERDUN ( Franck ), La gestion des risques juridiques, Paris, Ed. d’Organisation, 2006  

II. Articles  

- BABIN ( Audrey ) et al., « Le droit bousculé par l'imprévu. Actes du Séminaire de l'École doctorale du 15  juin 2012. Contribution du Master 2 Histoire du Droit », Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 2012-4, pp. 457-474 

- BONAH ( Christian ), GAUDILLIÈRE ( Jean-Paul ), « Faute, accident ou risque iatrogène ? La régulation  des événements indésirables du médicament à l’aune des affaires Stalinon et Distilbène », Revue française  des affaires sociales, no3-4, 2007, pp. 123-151 

- BRUNORI ( Luisa ), « Limitation de l’imprévu et protection contre l’imprévisible dans un contrat inédit  du Siglo de Oro espagnol », Rerum novarum ac veterum scientia. Mélanges en l’honneur de Brigitte  Basdevant-Gaudemet, M. Bégou-Davia, F. Demoulin-Auzary, F. Jankowiak (dir.), Mare & Martin, 2020,  pp. 185-198  

- GUYARD ( Nicolas ), « « Calamnitez extremes » et culte des reliques. Les catholiques face aux aléas  climatiques en France au XVIIe siècle », Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses, no40, 2016, pp. 13-25 

- HERVIEU ( Merryl ), « Pas d’aléa, pas d’assurance », Dalloz Actu Étudiant, 2021 

- MARTIN ( Dominique ), « L’indemnisation des victimes d’accidents médicaux et ses mécanismes de  financement », Les tribunes de la santé, no24, 2009, pp.29-40  

- TANGUY ( Jean-François ), « Les magistrats français et les aléas du XIXe siècle : trois générations, une  idée », Les praticiens du droit du Moyen-Âge à l’époque contemporaine, Rennes, Presses universitaires de  Rennes, 2008, pp. 239-254 

- THIVENAUD ( Jean-Marie ), « Le risque et son prix : Genèse d’un concept et de son évaluation juridico financière (XIVe-XVIIe siècles) », Revue d’économie financière, no37, 1996, pp.253-274 

- Y.D ( sic ), « L’aléa contractuel n’empêche pas la réduction judiciaire de la rémunération convenue entre  les parties », Dalloz Actu Étudiant, 2011  

III. Thesis  

- BROUSSY ( Charlotte ), Histoire du contrat d’assurance ( XVI-XXe siècles ), thèse dactyl., Université de  Montpellier, 2016  

- LIVET ( Benoît ), Aléas climatiques, catastrophes naturelles et sociétés dans le Puy-de-Dôme (1783 -  1876), mémoire dactyl., UFR Lettres, Culture et Sciences Humaines Clermont- Auvergne, 2021 

- MENAKANIST ( Twekiat ), Le hasard et l’incrimination, thèse dactyl., Université de Nancy 2, 1992 

- MINET ( Alice ), SEILLER ( Bertrand ), ALBERT ( Nathalie ), DELAUNAY ( Benoit ), PLESSIX  ( Benoit ), La perte de chance en droit administratif, thèse dactyl., 2013  

Call for papers 

- RODET-PROFIT ( Alix ), Le contrat d’assurance maritime à Rouen dans l’Ancien droit, thèse dactyl.,  Paris 2, 2015 

- SABLIER (B.), Les imprévus et les pouvoirs nouveaux de l’administration dans les marchés publics de  travaux, thèse dactyl. Nice, 1979 

- WILLIATTE-PELLITTERI ( Line ), Contribution à l’élaboration d’un droit civil de l’aléa, Lille, thèse  dactyl., 2003  

- ZOUHAL ( ADRA ), Le risque en droit pénal, thèse dactyl., Rennes 1, 2017  

BOOK: Phillip HELLWEGE & Guido ROSSI (Eds.), Maritime Risk Management Essays on the History of Marine Insurance, General Average and Sea Loan (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2021). ISBN: 978-3-428-18260-2, pp. 304, available open access

 

(Source: Duncker & Humblot)

ABOUT THE BOOK

Series: Comparative Studies in the History of Insurance Law / Studien zur vergleichenden Geschichte des Versicherungsrechts, Vol. 11

Insurance is a legal, an actuarial and a financial product, and it is one out of many risk management strategies. It follows that its history can only be studied in the broader context of the development of such strategies, applying an interdisciplinary approach. The theme of the present volume is maritime risk management. After an overview over the history of insurance, the contributions to the present volume examine different maritime risk management strategies by adopting a variety of methodological approaches. Some contributions focus on normative provisions, others contrast practice with legal scholarship, or focus on the emergence of insurance companies as opposed to individual insurers. Again, other contributions give insights in marine insurance practice in specific cities or analyse insurance practice through the lens of specific insurance litigation. As to the time frame, the different contributions span from antiquity to the nineteenth century.

ABOUT THE EDITORS

Guido Rossi is Reader in European Legal History at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

Phillip Hellwege is Professor of Private Law, Commercial Law, and Legal History at the University of Augsburg, Germany.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 6

Summary of Contents 8

Maritime Risk Management: Marine Insurance, General Average, Sea Loan 10

A. Introduction 10

I. Insurance as a legal product 10

II. Insurance as an actuarial product 12

III. Insurance as a financial product 13

IV. Insurance as a risk management strategy 14

V. An interdisciplinary approach to studying insurance 14

B. Histories of insurance 15

C. The objective and structure of the present volume 16

Insurance and Wealth: The Historical Trajectory of Changing Markets and Strategies in Insurance 18

A. Introduction 18

B. Identifying risk in society 19

C. Expanding risk and insurance development 22

D. Shifting demand for long-term insurance –the new wealth instruments 25

E. Complex future of risk 33

The Insurance Function of Roman Maritime Loan 36

A. Back to the roots 36

B. Legal nature of maritime loan 40

C. Insurance elements 45

I. Contracting parties 47

II. Insured object 50

III. Risk 52

IV. Premium 55

V. Coverage period 57

VI. Compensation 58

D. Conclusion 59

Maritime Risk Management Instruments in Medieval Castile (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries) 62

A. Risk, damage and contribution in maritime transport 63

B. Maritime trade and royal safeguards 66

C. The development of insurance practice in medieval Castile 68

I. Bottomry 68

II. Premium insurance 70

D. Maritime insurance in the consulate ordinances 73

I. The model policy of Burgos 73

II. The Ordinances of Bilbao 74

III. The Ordinances of Burgos 76

IV. The Ordinances of Bruges 77

E. Conclusion 81

Managing Shipping Risk: General Average and Marine Insurance in Early Modern Genoa 84

A. Insurance and general average in Genoa’s regulations: two parallel approaches to shipping risk management 84

B. The need for consistent regulations and the 1589 Civil Statutes 89

C. Routes and navigation risks: the general average claim reports 94

D. Routes and navigation hazards: policies of Sigortá Marittima 102

E. Conclusion 110

General Average in Scotland during the Sixteenth Century 112

A. Scotting and lotting in the practice of maritime communities 113

B. Marrying practice with theory in books composed by lawyers 122

C. Reconfiguring maritime practice in the courts of the admiral 130

The Ordonnance sur la marine on General Average. Comparative Methods, Legal Transplants, and a European droit commun 140

A. Introduction 140

B. The Ordonnance sur la marine of 1681 on general average 142

I. Distinguishing avaries, avaries simples et particulières, avaries grosses et communes, and menues avaries 142

II. Avaries simples et particulières and avaries grosses et communes: similarities and differences 145

III. Details on the procedure of contribution under avaries grosses et communes 149

C. Comparative methods, legal transplants, anda European droit commun 150

I. The Ordonnace sur la marine of 1681 andthe European droit commun on maritime law 151

II. A comparative interpretation 154

III. Adaptations and innovations 156

IV. From droit commun to a nationalized maritime law 158

D. Conclusion 161

War, Risks, and Speculation: The Accounts of a Small Livorno Insurer (1743–1748) 162

A. The firm 162

B. Facing the insurance market 165

C. The dangers of an open market 169

D. Navigating without a compass 173

E. Boasi’s insurance accounts 176

F. The interest or not interest clause and the Bubble of 1747 181

G. Conclusion: from individuals to companies 185

The Transformation of the Marine Insurance Market in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in Spain 190

A. From individual insurers to a system of specialised insurance companies in the seventeenth century 194

B. The predominance of insurance companies in Spanish trading ports in the eighteenth century 200

C. Conclusions 207

Commercial Networks, Maritime Law, and Translation in a Spanish Insurance Claim on Trial in France, 1783–1791 210

A. Commercial choices in a multicentric Atlantic world 214

I. Surviving monopoly: the Basque presence on the Venezuelan coast 215

II. A Cádiz-Marseille financial axis 217

III. Underwriting Atlantic risks from the Mediterranean 220

B. Contract enforcement in a foreign legal foru 224

I. Facts and factums 225

II. Starting the pursuit in two ports 227

III. Rules of engagement in the Admiralty’s eighteenth-century courtroom 228

IV. Timing, evidence, depreciation 231

V. Absurd geographies 239

VI. Expectations halfway met 242

C. Conclusions 244

Governance of General Average in the Netherlands in the Nineteenth Century: A Backward Development? 248

A. Introduction 248

B. The background and mechanisms of general average in the Low Countries 253

C. General average adjustment in Amsterdam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 255

D. The governance of general average in the nineteenth century 259

E. Conclusion 262

Unions and Networks in Nineteenth-Century Antwerp Marine Insurance Industry 266

A. Introduction 266

B. Antwerp as a center of commerce in the nineteenth century 270

I. The Antwerp marine insurance policy of 1824 273

II. Presentation of the Antwerp marine insurance corporations 276

C. Marine insurance cooperation structures 278

I. The marine insurance companies established by Auguste Morel: Bureau Veritas, Bureau Central, 1° Cie and 2° Cie 278

II. Marine insurance corporations form unions 280

1. Première Réunion 280

2. From one to five unions 283

D. Profile of the managers of the marine insurance corporations 289

E. Connections between marine insurance corporations 291

F. Conclusion 294

List of Contributors 298

Index 299

More information with the publisher.

BOOK: Phillip HELLWEGE (Ed.), Professional Guilds and the History of Insurance - A Comparative Analysis (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2020). ISBN 978-3-428-18071-4, 99.90 EUR

 

(Source: Duncker & Humblot)

Duncker & Humblot is publishing “Professional Guilds and the History of Insurance - A Comparative Analysis”.

ABOUT THE BOOK

German literature claims that modern insurance (law) has three roots: marine insurance, the co-operative protection provided by medieval and early modern guilds, and state-run insurance schemes. By contrast, English scholars suggest that there is only one root for modern insurance (law): marine insurance (law). The literature on the developments in other European countries follows similar narratives. It seems that in these countries, guilds have had no influence on the formation of insurance. The aim of the present volume is to test these different narratives. More specifically, the objective is to assess from a comparative perspective (i) whether it is possible to analyse in terms of insurance the support offered by medieval and early modern professional guilds to members in need and (ii) whether guild support had a lasting impact on the development of modern insurance and insurance law. To this end, the present volume covers various European countries followed by a comparative analysis.

ABOUT THE EDITOR

Prof. Dr. Phillip Hellwege M.Jur. (Oxford) ist seit 2010 Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Bürgerliches Recht, Wirtschaftsrecht und Rechtsgeschichte an der Universität Augsburg. Zuvor war er von 2003 bis 2010 wissenschaftlicher Referent am Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht in Hamburg. 2015 erhielt er einen Consolidator Grant des European Research Council (ERC) für ein auf fünf Jahre angelegtes Projekt zur vergleichenden Geschichte des Versicherungsrechts in Europa. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen im Bürgerlichen Recht, im Europäischen Privatrecht, in der Historischen Rechtsvergleichung sowie in der Geschichte des Wirtschaftsrechts und des Versicherungsrechts.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Phillip Hellwege: Introduction

Dirk Heirbaut: Mutual Aid in the Craft Guilds of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Southern Netherlands (Belgium)

Maarten Prak: Guilds and Mutual Aid in the Northern Netherlands

Phillip Hellwege: Professional Guilds and the History of Social Security and Insurance in the German-Speaking World

Patrick Wallis: Guilds and Mutual Aid in England

Martin Sunnqvist: Scandinavia

David Deroussin: Guilds, Confraternities and Mutual Assistance in France

Marina Gazzini: Guilds and Mutual Support in Medieval Italy

José A. Nieto Sánchez and Victoria López Barahona: Guilds, Confraternities and Mutual Support in Medieval and Early Modern Spain

Jakub Pokoj: Guilds and Mutual Protection Schemes in Poland in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods

Balázs Rigó: Guild Support in Hungary (1307–1872)

Phillip Hellwege: Comparative Analysis

List of Contributors

Index

 

More info here