BOOK: Paolo AMOROSA, Ville ERKILLÄ & Karolina STENLUND (eds.), Times of Global Injustice. Temporalities of Power and Community Beyond Disciplinary Boundaries [Routledge Studies in Law, Rights and Justice] (London: Routledge, 2026), 388 p. ISBN 9781032873770, € 190

 

(image source: Routledge)

Abstract:

Time is an essential dimension of our shared understandings of the historical significance or fairness of a particular event or situation. The ways time is constructed, however, are characterised by a plurality of diverse and sometimes inconsistent representations. This book examines the uses of different conceptualizations of time in explaining injustice and justice in society from an interdisciplinary perspective.  It is the temporal representations that are the focus of this book here: how and by whom are they constructed, how do they weave together or fray in the process of working through temporary or permanent injustices, and what spaces are made or quashed for different understandings of time? The volume gathers scholars from different backgrounds with expertise from law, history, politics and international relations, philosophy, and sociology to examine the temporality of (in)justice in society. The chapters of the book are integrated around a coherent central theme: the unavoidable intertwining of time and justice. As well as addressing the lived processes of collectively coming to terms with temporal experiences and justice, the book work also discusses the different disciplinary ways of making sense of such processes and the strengths and pitfalls of each approach. The collection will be of interest to researchers and students of legal theory, international relations, global history, memory studies, and political philosophy.

Table of contents:

1.Introduction. Times of Global (In)justice.
Paolo Amorosa, Ville Erkkilä, Karolina Stenlund

Part I: Offcial Time

2. Why Do People Move? Governing the Time and Space of Climate Migration.
Usha Natarajan

3. Yesterday’s tomorrows and today’s: Future-making in Swedish permit-granting procedure
Agnes Hellner 

4. As If a Foreign Country: Evidence Law and Settler Colonial Sovereignty.
Genevieve Renard Painter

5. State redress for involuntary sterilisation in Sweden.
Malin Arvidsson

6. Urgency and Exceptional Time: The State of Emergency as an institution of official time.
Tuukka Brunila

Part II: Emancipatory Time 

7. How to Overcome an Unjust Past? Conflicts of Historicities in the Contemporary World.
Marek Tamm & Zoltán Boldizsár Simon

8. Urgency! At the European Court of Human Rights: Hope, Haste and Climate Justice.
Zoë Jay

9. Existential time and climate in/justice at the end of the world.
Andrew R. Hom

10.Law, Time, and Tradition.
Sebastián Machado

11.Stitching as reparation: expanding narrations of the past and imagining the future.
Helena Alviar García & Laura Betancur Restrepo

Part III: Everyday Time

12.Authoritarian Regimes and the ’Everyday Time.’ The trial of Greta Wolff.
Ville Erkkilä

13. Times of Hermeneutical Injustice: Memory Struggle in the Public Discussion around the Attack on the Elias Lönnrot Monument.
Ulla Savolainen

14. Rehearsing the Future Through Design.
Sara Duell

15. The Shape of Time to Come: The History of the Future in Teleological legal reasoning.
Karolina Stenlund

16. Conclusions: Just(ice) in Time

Bo Stråth

 On the editors:

Paolo Amorosa is University Lecturer of International Law at the Law Faculty, University of Helsinki, Finland. Ville Erkkilä is an Academy Research Fellow at the Centre for European Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland. Karolina Stenlund is a university researcher and team leader at the Research Council of Finland’s Centre of Excellence in Law, Identity, and the European Narratives (EuroStorie), based at the University of Helsinki, Finland.

 Read more here.

ADVANCE ARTICLE: Benjamin STRAUMANN, "From Individual virtue to the just state: Cicero and the legal nature of Roman political thought" (The Journal of Roman Studies) [OPEN ACCESS]

 

(image source: CUP)

Abstract:

Scholarship on Roman political thought and its legacy, especially anglophone, has rapidly expanded over the last decade. The main drivers of this renewed attention to Roman political ideas and institutions are an historical interest in the collapse of the Roman republic; a philosophical interest in republicanism; and a growing sensitivity to the originality of Roman thinkers, especially Cicero, in contrast to the older view that they were simply derivative of the Greeks. In this essay I will discuss recent publications on Cicero and Roman political ideas. After offering an overview of key themes in this new scholarship, I seek to suggest promising directions for future research and encourage the growing interest in Roman political thought and Cicero in particular. Cicero provides a fascinating link between ideas, institutions and action on the ground and he is therefore with good reason at the centre of much of the rapidly expanding literature on Roman political thought. In addition, given his interest in developing a theory of justice as the foundation of the state (res publica), a focus on Cicero will help explore the legacy of republicanism from the angle of his ideas about justice while paying attention to scholarship placing these ideas into their historical and institutional context.

Read more here: DOI  10.1017/S0075435825100634.

REMINDER - NEW BOOK SERIES: Law, Peace, and Justice in Medieval and Early Modern Europe - General Editor: Prof. Krista Kesselring

Law, Peace, and Justice in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

This series seeks to bring together work on ‘peace-keeping’ amongst medieval and early modern Europeans in the broadest sense: from criminal justice to transitional justice, from the resolution of interpersonal conflict within communities to treaty-making between states, from feud to refuge to reparations, from criminal trials to cultures of toleration. The series crosses conventional boundaries between medieval and early modern and welcomes work that crosses disciplinary boundaries, too, or that uses interdisciplinary approaches to subjects such as law, theology, art, political philosophy, social practice, etc. It aims broadly to promote work that helps us understand how law and justice were implicated in the ways in which people in the past imagined, implemented, and used ‘peace’, both within Europe and as Europeans moved out around the globe.

Prospective authors and editors are encouraged to contact the General Editor, Krista Kesselring, Dalhousie University (krista.kesselring@dal.ca). 

Formal proposals and general inquiries should be sent to imems.press@durham.ac.uk.

Editorial board

Paolo Broggio, Roma Tre University; Tom Hamilton, Durham University; Marie Houllemare, University of Geneva; Elizabeth Papp Kamali, Harvard University; Krista Kesselring, Dalhousie University; Helle Vogt, University of Copenhagen

More information with the publisher.

NEW BOOK SERIES: Law, Peace, and Justice in Medieval and Early Modern Europe - General Editor: Prof. Krista Kesselring

Law, Peace, and Justice in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

This series seeks to bring together work on ‘peace-keeping’ amongst medieval and early modern Europeans in the broadest sense: from criminal justice to transitional justice, from the resolution of interpersonal conflict within communities to treaty-making between states, from feud to refuge to reparations, from criminal trials to cultures of toleration. The series crosses conventional boundaries between medieval and early modern and welcomes work that crosses disciplinary boundaries, too, or that uses interdisciplinary approaches to subjects such as law, theology, art, political philosophy, social practice, etc. It aims broadly to promote work that helps us understand how law and justice were implicated in the ways in which people in the past imagined, implemented, and used ‘peace’, both within Europe and as Europeans moved out around the globe.

Prospective authors and editors are encouraged to contact the General Editor, Krista Kesselring, Dalhousie University (krista.kesselring@dal.ca). 

Formal proposals and general inquiries should be sent to imems.press@durham.ac.uk.

Editorial board

Paolo Broggio, Roma Tre University; Tom Hamilton, Durham University; Marie Houllemare, University of Geneva; Elizabeth Papp Kamali, Harvard University; Krista Kesselring, Dalhousie University; Helle Vogt, University of Copenhagen

More information with the publisher.

JOURNAL: Annales. Histoire - Sciences Sociales [Special Issue Méditerranées - Antiquités du Nouveau Monde - Pouvoirs et justice] LXXVI (2021), No. 1

 

(image source: CAIRN)

Méditerranées

Articles

Gouverner la langue arabe Miguel Casiri et les arabisants du roi d’Espagne au siècle des Lumières (Thomas Glesener)

Abstract:

Born in Tripoli (Mount Lebanon), Miguel Casiri (1708-1791) had a significant influence on Arabic studies in Spain during the second half of the eighteenth century. His legacy has traditionally been evaluated in light of an intellectual history focused on his writings, largely ignoring his activity as an agent of the Spanish Monarchy. Yet Casiri helped consolidate a pole of expertise in Arabic in Madrid just when the Crown intended to rationally refute certain urban privileges based on Arabic texts and inscriptions. By exhuming Casiri’s contribution to these reforms, this article traces the conflicting modalities of the formation of a specialized linguistic field attached to the royal jurisdiction. In doing so, it highlights two major dividing lines. The first concerns the selection of personnel employed as linguistic experts, and in particular the regulation of the Maronite diaspora’s networks—which were major suppliers of these workers. The second concerns the definition of expertise in Arabic, opposing the defenders of a specialized knowledge controlled by a community of scholars and those who advocated a practical knowledge subjected to the needs of the commissioners. Moving away from an intellectual history of the language, this article offers a political history of Arabists that reestablishes knowledge of Arabic as central to the constitution of state expertise.

Objets captifs. Les artefacts catholiques en Méditerranée au début de l’époque moderne (Daniel Hershenzon, trad. Antoine Heudre)

Abstract:

Catholic artifacts—images and sculptures of Christ, the Virgin, and various saints, as well as rosaries, crucifixes, and liturgical objects—circulated in their thousands throughout the early modern western Mediterranean. This mobility was largely an indirect byproduct of privateering and human trafficking, which intertwined Spain’s Mediterranean territories, Morocco, and Ottoman Algiers. The disruptive moment of captivity set these otherwise disparate objects on common trajectories, making it interesting to study them as a category. The article argues that Catholic artifacts played surprising roles in the experience of Catholic captives, renegades, and their Muslim masters as well as in the economy of ransom that facilitated the rescue of captives. Against the design of their initial distributors, such objects provided captives, converts, and masters with unexpected affordances, and in so doing helped blur the religious boundary and created new entanglements between members of these groups and Catholic materiality. The argument is developed in three stages. First, the article claims that the surge in captivity following the Spanish-Ottoman truce of 1581 meant that more devotional objects were sent from Spain to Catholics held captive in the Maghrib. Second, it asserts that some of these artifacts ended up serving converts to Islam, while others were plundered by Algerian and Moroccan rulers. Third, the article contends that plunder and repurposing afforded captives the power to redeem an emblem of their God, provided Trinitarians and Mercedarians with opportunities to ransom objects and gain fame back home, and served Maghrebi rulers to secure religious privileges for their subjects enslaved in Spain. Focusing on their mobility demonstrates the degree to which Catholic objects continued to articulate and mediate social, political, and economic relations in the western Mediterranean over the long seventeenth century.

Le christianisme oriental à l’époque ottomane : du postcolonial au global (1960-2020) (Bernard Heyberger)
DOI 10.1017/ahss.2020.127

Abstract:

As a result of the place assigned to them in colonial and then postcolonial ideologies, the Christians of the Middle East were long relegated to the margins of historiography. Nevertheless, much has changed in the last two decades, and considering minorities, whether Christian or other, is currently an epistemologically rewarding way to approach Middle Eastern and Mediterranean societies. This article reviews the historiography on the subject since the 1960s, showing its progressive investment by historians of the early modern era. What was termed “economic and social history” avoided treating minorities as a specific issue. On the contrary, with the emergence of the history of mentalités in the 1990s, the study of Eastern Christians became integral to research into “popular religion” and “shared religion,” making it possible to highlight similarities and interactions between Christianity and Islam. Today, the diasporic structure of most Eastern Christian societies, with small groups linked by networks of mobile individuals, offers an interesting canvas for microhistorical studies that contribute to a global history which includes the Mediterranean. Finally, considering Eastern Christians as actors in the construction of knowledge about the Orient foregrounds a relational approach that challenges a one-dimensional focus on the European centers of knowledge production supporting imperialist aims.

Antiquités du nouveau monde 

Pas encore classiques. La fabrique des antiquités américaines au XIXe siècle (Minura Achim & Stefanie Gänger, trad. Antoine Heudre)

Abstract:

Prehispanic antiquities from the Americas became a recognizable aesthetic, scientific, commercial, and legal category over the nineteenth century. This article maps out the actors, sites, and material and ideological configurations involved in its creation and development. The first section examines the Iberian antiquarian tradition that placed preconquest artefacts into circulation as epistemic objects by the mid-1700s, against the backdrop of the increasing relevance of material vestiges as objects of investigation. The article then turns to the collecting scenes in the newly independent Spanish American countries, where creole elites, local museums, and foreigners competed for antiquities, driven by their own diverse interests. The third section explores the ways in which, by the mid-1800s, “paper technologies” functioned as heuristic tools for knowing, organizing, and interpreting antiquities, affording ontological density to specific objects and groups of objects and leading to the construction of regimes of knowledge and expertise devoted specifically to them. Finally, the fourth section reconstructs the national and international processes of institutionalization of the preconquest past in the late 1800s and early 1900s—through the consolidation of national museums and the establishment of archaeology and ethnography as scientific disciplines—to consider how these processes entrenched these antiquities’ significance and meaning.

Pouvoirs et justice

Book reviews

• Paulin Ismard. La cité et ses esclaves. Institution, fictions, expériences. Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 2019, 378 p (Soazick Kerneis) 
• Charles Guérin. La voix de la vérité. Témoin et témoignage dans les tribunaux romains du Ier siècle avant J.-C.. Paris, Les Belles lettres, 2015, 424 p (Clément Bur) 
• Clément Bur. La citoyenneté dégradée. Une histoire de l’infamie à Rome (312 av. J.-C.-96 apr. J.-C.). Rome, École française de Rome, 2018, XII-697 p (Anne Simonin)
  
• Christophe Picard. La mer des califes. Une histoire de la Méditerranée musulmane (VIIe-XIIe siècle). Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 2015, 439 p (Ingrid Houssaye Michienzi)
  
• Mathieu Tillier. L’invention du cadi. La justice des musulmans, des juifs et des chrétiens aux premiers siècles de l’islam. Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2017, 704 p (Wissam H. Halawi)
  
• Adriano Prosperi. Justice Blindfolded: The Historical Course of an Image. trad. par J. Tedeschi et A. Tedeschi, Leyde, Brill, 2018, XXIV-260 p (Giuliano Milani)
• Didier Lett (dir.). I registri della giustizia penale nell’Italia dei secoli XII-XV. Rome, École française de Rome, 2020, 492 p (Sylvain Parent)
• Lionel Dorthe et Kathrin Utz Tremp (éd.) Registrum Lombardorum. Le premier registre notarial des Archives de l’État de Fribourg (1356-1359). Bâle, Schwabe Verlag, 2016, LVIII-824 p (Gabriel Audisio)
• Benoît Grévin. La première loi du royaume. L’acte de fixation de la majorité des rois de France (1374). Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2021, 615 p (Xavier Hélary)
• Yann Potin. Trésor, écrits, pouvoirs. Archives et bibliothèques d’État en France à la fin du Moyen Âge. Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2020, 272 p (Pierre Chastang)
  
• Sebastian Roebert. Die Königin im Zentrum der Macht. Reginale Herrschaft in der Krone Aragón am Beispiel Eleonores von Sizilien (1349-1375). Berlin, De Gruyter, 2020, XVI-830 p (Stéphane Péquignot)
• Michelle Bubenicek. Entre rébellion et obéissance. L’espace politique comtois face au duc Philippe le Hardi (1384-1404). Genève, Droz, 2013, 774 p (Vincent Corriol)
• Alessandro Silvestri. L’amministrazione del regno di Sicilia. Cancelleria, apparati finanziari e strumenti di governo nel tardo Medioevo. Rome, Viella, 2018, 496 p (Roxane Chilà)
• Paolo Sachet. Publishing for the Popes: The Roman Curia and the Use of Printing (1527-1555). Leyde, Brill, 2020, 306 p Catherine Rideau-Kikuchi)
• Eleonora Canepari. La construction du pouvoir local. Élites municipales, liens sociaux et transactions économiques dans l’espace urbain. Rome, 1550-1650. Rome, École française de Rome, 2017, 399 p (Julia Castiglione)
• Maartje van Gelder et Claire Judde de Larivière (dir.). Popular Politics in an Aristocratic Republic: Political Conflict and Social Contestation in Late Medieval and Early Modern Venice. Londres, Routledge, 2020, 266 p (Catherine Rideau-Kikuchi)
• Élisabeth Crouzet-Pavan et Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur. Décapitées. Trois femmes dans l’Italie de la Renaissance. Paris, Albin Michel, 2018, 430 p (Ilaria Taddei)
• José-Juan López-Portillo. “Another Jerusalem”: Political Legitimacy and Courtly Government in the Kingdom of New Spain (1535-1568). Leyde, Brill, 2018, XVII-337 p (Jean-Pierre Dedieu)
• Charlotte de Castelnau-L’Estoile. Páscoa et ses deux maris. Une esclave entre Angola, Brésil et Portugal au XVIIe siècle. Paris, PUF, 2019, 302 p (Isabelle Poutrin)
• Anne Dubet et José Javier Ruiz Ibáñez (dir.). Las monarquías española y francesa (siglos XVI-XVIII). ¿Dos modelos políticos? Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, 2010, XV-254 p (Stanis Perez)
• Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger. Maria Theresia. Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie. Munich, C. H. Beck, 2017, 1083 p (Christine Lebeau)
• Micah Alpaugh. Non-Violence and the French Revolution: Political Demonstrations in Paris, 1787-1795. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015, VIII-292 p (Anne Simonin)
• Catherine Lacaze. Francisco Morazán : le Bolívar de l’Amérique Centrale ? Rennes, PUR, 2018, 270 p (Jordana Dym)
• Bertrand Joly. Histoire politique de l’affaire Dreyfus. Paris, Fayard, 2014, 783 p (Christophe Prochasson)
• Suchetana Chattopadhyay. Voices of Komagata Maru: Imperial Surveillance and Workers from Punjab in Bengal. New York, Columbia University Press, 2019, 192 p (Denis Matringe)
• Judith Surkis. Sex, Law, and Sovereignty in French Algeria, 1830-1930. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2019, 354 p (François Dumasy)

Read the full journal on CAIRN.

CONFERENCE: Giustizia, istituzioni e notai tra i secoli XII e XVII in una prospettiva europea (Genoa-online, 8-10 SEP 2021)

(image source: www.studistorici.unimi.it/)

We learned of a colloquium organized by the research group Notariorium Itinera on "Justice, institutions and notaries between the XII and the XVII centuries. A European perspective".

The event is free and open to the public, and it will take place via Zoom. Registration is required by sending an email to giustizia.genova2021@gmail.com

***

Mercoledì 8 settembre, ore 10.00

Sessione 1 - La giustizia e i suoi strumenti 

10.20 «Hec est quedam inquisitio». Formule e formulari della giustizia penale tra XIII e XV secolo  - ETTORE DEZZA (Università degli Studi di Pavia) 

10.40 «Omnia mea mecum porto»: Bartolomeo de Iordanis notaio e giudice alla fine del Duecento e i suoi ferri del mestiere - FRANCESCA SANTONI, CRISTINA MANTEGNA (Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza) 

11.20 Notai italiani al servizio dell’impero durante il regno di Federico I Barbarossa ed Enrico VI - ALBERTO SPATARO (Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo) 

11.40 Fildesmido da Mogliano e i signori di Sant’Angelo: un caso di giustizia signorile nella Marca della prima metà del XIII secolo - STEFANO DEGLI ESPOSTI (Archivio di Stato di Fermo) 

Mercoledì 8 settembre, ore 14.00

Sessione 2 - La giustizia e i suoi linguaggi  

14.00 Notaio mediatore: la distanza fra la vita e la pergamena  - ALESSANDRA BASSANI (Università degli Studi di Milano) 

14.20 Scrivere ciò che è detto. Modi e forme di verbalizzazione - VALENTINA RUZZIN (Università degli Studi di Genova) 

14.40 La voce dei testimoni e la scrittura dei notai nelle inchieste giudiziarie della Marca anconetana (sec. XIII) - FRANCESCO PIRANI (Università degli Studi di Macerata) 

15.20 La giustizia e i suoi linguaggi nelle illustrazioni dei manoscritti giuridici e dei documenti notarili - MARIA ALESSANDRA BILOTTA (IEM-FCSH/Universidade Nova de Lisboa) 

15.40 Notai a giudizio: parole, immagini e azioni nella Milano del Tardo Medioevo - MARTA L. MANGINI (Università degli Studi di Milano) 

16.00 L’altra giustizia. Le sentenze arbitrali a Genova (secc. XIIXIII): arbitri, notai, documenti - MARTA CALLERI (Università degli Studi di Milano) 

16.20 Il sistema di composizione negoziale ed extra-giudiziario dei conflitti a Spalato nel XV secolo - ERMANNO ORLANDO (Università per stranieri di Siena)

Giovedì 9 settembre, ore 9.00

Sessione 3 - La giustizia in Europa 

9.00 Giustizia, istituzioni e notai nelle città della Provenza bassomedievale nei secoli XII - XIV - SIMONE BALOSSINO (Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse) 

9.20 Un tabellionage original: éncadrement de l’activité des passeurs d’actes dans le duché de Bretagne - THOMAS DELANNOY (Université de Nantes) 

9.40 A cavallo fra giustizia mercantile e relazioni internazionali: Joan Fogassot notaio del Consolato del Mare di Barcellona e ambasciatore del sovrano nel Quattrocento - ELENA MACCIONI (Università di Cagliari) 

10.00 La actividad notarial de Sevilla en el ámbito judicial durante el siglo XIV - PILAR OSTOS SALCEDO (Universidad de Sevilla) 

10.40 Los escribanos del concejo ante la justicia: un pleito por el acceso al oficio - MARIA LUISA DOMINGUEZ FERRERO (Universidad de Sevilla) 

11.00 Administración de la justicia en Sevilla - ROCÍO POSTIGO RUIZ (Universidad de Sevilla) 

11.20 Práctica judicial y producción de documentos en la Corona de Castilla (1150-1250 ca.) - MIGUEL CALLEJA PUERTA (Universidad de Oviedo) 

11.40 The Portrait of a Notary Public in Late Medieval Transylvania, Urbanus Petri de Stynawia († ca. 1471). Social, legal and paleographical implications - ADINEL CIPRIAN DINC Ă (Babeş-Bolyai University, ClujNapoca) 

Giovedì 9 settembre, ore 14.00

Sessione 4 - La giustizia della Chiesa  

14.00 La giustizia nell’estremo ponente ligure: Siro, arcivescovo di Genova, notai e documenti (1143-1156) - SANDRA MACCHIAVELLO (Università degli Studi di Genova) 

14.20 Carte, instrumenta e testamenti impugnati in un processo piacentino del XIII secolo - EMANUELA FUGAZZA (Università degli Studi di Pavia) 

14.40 Il primo tribunale dei vescovi di Cortona (XIV sec.): carriere e uffici - SIMONE ALLEGRIA (Università degli Studi di Siena); ALARICO BARBAGLI (Università degli Studi di Pisa)

15.20 Il tribunale dell’abate: notariato e documentazione a Susa nel XIV secolo - LIVIA ORLA (Università degli Studi di Torino) 

15.40 Notai pubblici e notai della curia nelle udienze ecclesiastiche di Braga e Porto (secoli XIII e XIV) - MARIA CRISTINA CUNHA; MARIA JOÃO OLIVEIRA E SILVA (Universidade do Porto) 

16.00 I procedimenti documentari dell’Inquisizione spagnola. Secreto e secretarios del Tribunale di Sassari (XVII secolo) - MARIANGELA RAPETTI (Università degli Studi di Cagliari) 

Venerdì 10 settembre, ore 9.00

Sessione 5 - La giustizia nell’Italia centro-meridionale 

9.00 L’eredità di Federico II nella documentazione giudiziaria del Regno di Sicilia degli ultimi Svevi - MARIA GALANTE (Università degli Studi di Salerno) 

9.20 Tra Napoli e Amalfi: persistenze e innovazioni nella documentazione giudiziaria del XIII secolo - GIULIANA CAPRIOLO (Università degli Studi di Salerno) 

9.40 Corti di giustizia locali: la situazione pugliese affiorante dalle carte dei secoli XII-XV - CORINNA DRAGO (Università degli Studi di Bari) 

10.00 Notai e documentazione nella Sardegna dei giudici - BIANCA FADDA; CECILIA TASCA (Università degli Studi di Cagliari) 

10.40 La giustizia dei vincitori, le cautele dei vinti. Gli atti della guerra del 1290 tra Roma e Viterbo - CRISTINA CARBONETTI (Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata)

11.00 Les pouvoirs de juridiction des notaires toscans : autour du titre de notarius et iudex ordinarius et du précepte de guarentigia (XI e-XIVe siècle) - MATTHIEU ALLINGRI (Université d’Aix-Marseille-CNRS) 

11.20 Notai e uomini di legge a Pisa nel XII secolo: riflessioni sul profilo culturale di un «ceto» emergente - MARIA CRISTINA ROSSI (Università degli Studi di Pisa) 

11.40 Scritture, notai e giustizia criminale a Bologna attraverso le Carte di corredo del podestà (prima metà del XIV secolo) - MADDALENA MODESTI (Università degli Studi di Bologna) 

Venerdì 10 settembre, ore 14.00

Sessione 6 - La giustizia nell’Italia settentrionale  

14.00 Il vertice della giustizia podestarile a Genova: pronunciamenti e sentenze in un frammento notarile di metà Duecento - GIOVANNA ORLANDI (Università degli Studi di Genova) 

14.20 Tra attività istituzionale e network personali: un sondaggio sui giudici a Genova nella prima metà del Trecento - PAOLA GUGLIELMOTTI (Università degli Studi di Genova) 

14.40 Notai e giudici nel cartolare di Leonardo Osbergerio (1341- 1344) - DENISE BEZZINA (Marie Skłodowska Curie Fellow, CNRS - Centre Roland Mousnier, Université Paris-Sorbonne) 

15.00 Procedure e modalità redazionali dell’amministrazione della giustizia civile a Savona agli inizi del XIII secolo: il cartolare di “Saono” - ANTONELLA ROVERE (Università degli Studi di Genova) 

15.40 Giustizia e finanza nel tardo medioevo: esempi dall’Italia nord-occidentale - ANTONIO OLIVIERI (Università degli Studi di Torino) 

16.00 Notai e organi giudiziari nell’arco alpino occidentale: autonomie locali e centralismo sabaudo nei secoli XIII-XV - PAOLO BUFFO (Università degli Studi di Bergamo) 

16.20 Una disputa giurisdizionale al tempo di Enrico VII. Spunti a partire da alcune fonti pavesi del XIV secolo - FERDINANDO NICOSIA (Università degli Studi di Pavia) 

16.40 «Hanc sententiam dixi et hanc breve scripsi». Notai e amministrazione della giustizia nella Marca Veronese tra XII e XIII secolo - GIUSEPPE GARDONI (Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana) 

17.00 I notai e la “buona giustizia” la società dei Protettori dei Carcerati di Milano (XV secolo) - GIULIANA ALBINI (Università degli Studi di Milano) 

17.20 Sociabilità intellettuale e religiosa di giudici e notai nell’età di Albertano da Brescia - MARINA GAZZINI (Università degli Studi di Milano) 

17.40 Notai e giustizia nella Terraferma veneziana in età moderna. Produzione, conservazione e tradizione degli atti civili - STEFANO TALAMINI (Università degli Studi di Trento) 

18.00 Saluti di chiusura

Detailed information can be found here

BLOG: Pierre-Anne FORCADET, Histoire de la justice. Saint Louis fonde la justice moderne (Hérodote)

 

(image: Saint-Louis interpreted by El Greco; source: Wikimedia Commons)

First paragraph:

« Selon que vous serez puissant ou misérable – Les jugements de cour vous rendront blanc ou noir ». Jean de La Fontaine n’a pas été le premier, ni le dernier, à critiquer la justice. Si la justice comme sentiment moral est sans doute innée chez l’humain, la Justice comme institution, avec ses textes et ses procédures complexes, remonte elle-même à l’Antiquité.

Mais c’est seulement au Moyen Âge, en particulier à l’époque de Saint Louis, qu’elle a pris la forme que nous lui connaissons, avec ses défauts mais aussi et surtout ses qualités, n’en déplaise à La Fontaine.

Read further on herodote. 

BOOK: Simona CERUTTI, Justice sommaire Pratiques et idéaux de justice dans une société d’Ancien Régime (translated by Guillaume CALAFAT) (Paris: Éditions de l'ÉHESS, 2021), ISBN 978-2-7132-2881-0, €26

 

(image source: EHESS)

Abstract:

Sous l’Ancien Régime, la procédure sommaire était une procédure rapide et à bas coût que les pauvres pouvaient mobiliser devant différentes magistratures civiles. À partir d’une étude minutieuse des affaires traitées par le tribunal du Consulat de commerce de Turin, Simona Cerutti explore les idéaux et les débats sur les définitions concurrentes d’une « justice bonne et véritable ». Durant la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle, le Consulat de commerce de Turin connaît une série d’inflexions radicales, qui contribuent à la disparation de la procédure sommaire. Cette transformation met en jeu le concept même de responsabilité en justice : certains la veulent pleine et entière, résolument individuelle et liée aux actions des individus ; d’autres, en revanche, la corrèlent à la réputation, aux privilèges associés au statut et aux hiérarchies sociales.Pour cette raison, le débat sur la justice au début du XVIIIe siècle fut bien loin de n’impliquer que les seuls professionnels du droit, les réformateurs et les intellectuels. Il concernait un public plus vaste de marchands, d’artisans, mais aussi d’hommes et de femmes qui se rendaient au tribunal pour des affaires portant sur de petites sommes. En s’intéressant aussi bien aux plaideurs « misérables » qu’aux réformateurs des Lumières, cette traduction inédite met au jour les demandes de justice formulées par les hommes et les femmes des sociétés du passé.

(source: EHESS) 

BOOK: Mathieu SOULA, Martine CHARAGEAT, Bernard RIBEMONT & Mathieu VIVAS (dir.), Résister à la justice XIIe-XVIIIe siècles [POLEN - Pouvoirs, lettres, normes , Vol. 17] (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2020), 351 p. ISBN 978-2-4060-9713-6, € 25

(image source: Classiques Garnier)

Book abstract:

À la lumière de l’historiographie récente et de l’analyse résistancielle issue des sciences sociales, il s’agit de considérer l’histoire judiciaire non pas seulement des résistances à la manière foucaldienne mais par les résistances, en termes de pratiques et en dépassant l’alternative obéissance/résistance.

Table of contents:

Martine Charageat et Mathieu Soula, Introduction. L’affrontement des légitimités, p. 7

Première partie. Se dresser contre la justice
Bernard Ribémont, Résister à la justice dans la littérature narrative de fiction du Moyen Âge. L’efficace de l’ambiguïté, p. 27
Luca Fois, L’inquisiteur mis en échec. Savoir juridique et contrôle des informations, l’exemple d’un procès pour hérésie dans la Lombardie du xiiie siècle, p. 45
Laure Verdon, Refus de justice et identité nobiliaire. L’affaire Hugues de Baux contre Pelet de Mimet, Roquevaire (1298-1303), p. 59
María Asenjo González, Resistencia a la justicia y desacato en las ciudades castellanas (1450-1520), p. 75
María Luisa Pedrós Ciurana, Otro género de resistencia. La magia apresada, p. 107
Giovanni Romeo, Résister à l’inquisition, résister à la justice de l’Église. Le cas de l’Italie de la Contre-Réforme, p. 121

Deuxième partie. Jouer avec les règles de la justice
Pascal Texier, Résistance, contournement ou instrumentalisation ? Usage de la justice dans la France du bas Moyen Âge, p. 139
Ricardo Córdoba de la Llave, Factores de prevaricación judicial en la Castilla medieval, p. 153
Sandrine Lavaud, En lutte contre les privilèges du vin. Marchands du Haut-Pays contre jurade de Bordeaux sous arbitrage du parlement (fin xve-début xvie siècle), p. 169
Roberto Tufano, Resistenze di parte e di ceto alla giustizia regia nelle Sicilie durante il Settecento. La ricusazione del giudice come strumento di lotta politica tra élites durante il viceregno austriaco, p. 187
Mathieu Soula, Mettre à nue la violence judiciaire. Faire face au pouvoir de mort à Toulouse au xviiie siècle, p. 207
Sébastien Annen, Résister par la grâce aux « poursuites non-méritées du Ministère public ». La grâce, la fuite et l’innocence dans la France des années 1780, p. 225

Troisième partie. Résistances et construction de la souveraineté
Julien Briand, Justiciables, échevins et officiers seigneuriaux face aux évolutions de la procédure rémoise (xive-xve siècles), p. 243
Véronique Beaulande-Barraud, La juridiction du chapitre de Reims, un moyen de résister à la justice archiépiscopale, p. 263
Bernard Dauven, Contester la grâce. Les rapports de pouvoir entretenus entre le prince et la partie intéressée dans les rémissions (Brabant, xvie et xviie siècles), p. 279
Olivier Caporossi, Résister aux abus du corregidor de Plasencia en 1622, un triomphe pour la justice du roi ?, p. 293
Rachel Renault, Résistance à la justice et construction du politique. Les territoires immédiats d’Empire de Saxe et Thuringe face aux justices impériales et territoriales (xviie-xviiie siècles), p. 311
Sophie Delbrel, Quand l’administration résiste à la justice. L’accord en matière de fiscalité indirecte aux xviiie et xixe siècles, p. 325 

(source: Univ-droit)

SPECIAL ISSUE: Trop, c’est trop ! Justice, religion et société devant l’inacceptable (Sources, 2019)

(image source: AHMUF)

The AHMUF anounced the publication of a theme issue of Sources: Arts, Civilisation et Histoire de l'Europe on Religion, justice and society against the inacceptable.

Trop, c’est trop !
Avec le numéro double 14-15 de la revue SOURCE(S) s’achève l’édition du séminaire « Trop c’est trop » organisé par le professeur Antoine Follain, axe « Autorité » dirigé par Antoine Follain, UR 3400 ARCHE, Université de Strasbourg. Le séminaire d’axe a été mis au point pour partager des recherches diverses qui avaient en commun de partir de situations extrêmes. Son titre, employé au départ par commodité, afin de nommer rapidement l’entreprise, a finalement été adopté par tous, comme le montre sa présence dans plusieurs contributions. Il s’agissait d’explorer, en histoire et en histoire de l’art, les faits, discours et représentations intolérables, inacceptables, insupportables. Où sont les limites et pourquoi ? Que se passe-t-il concrètement quand elles sont atteintes et dépassées ? Que nous apprennent les cas extrêmes et comment l’historien peut-il les utiliser pour autre chose que présenter un cas singulier ? En histoire, l’insupportable s’inscrit dans le temps et quantité de choses réprouvées à une époque ont fini par être tolérées plus tard, alors que d’autres ignorées ou sues et tolérées sont devenues interdites et éventuellement punies de plus en plus durement. Il n’est pas facile de faire la balance, mais à notre époque il semble que les cas intolérables dans l’espace public ont été multipliés jusqu’à susciter une impression de saturation, tant il y a de faits socialement réprouvés et/ou sanctionnés par le droit. Ce que l’on dit intolérable est vu et qualifié de mal absolu alors que se retourner vers le passé montre que la limite est toujours historiquement constituée et donc relative. Bien souvent les choses ne sont pas énoncées au préalable et c’est l’étude même des cas qui est révélatrice de l’acceptabilité d’une situation et de ce qui, au contraire, est complètement inacceptable – ou en tout cas l’est à un moment donné. Une analyse fine devait aussi permettre de distinguer entre des transgressions qui sont évaluées plus ou moins gravement par l’ensemble de la société ou celles qui sont socialement diversifiées – intolérables pour les uns et acceptables par d’autres. Observer les actions est probablement plus pertinent que les discours, qui sont soit dépassés par les faits, soit trop avancés par rapport aux crispations anciennes. C’est ainsi la sanction des faits qui exprime au cas par cas ce qu’il est tolérable de faire ou de dire dans l’espace public et dans la sphère privée. Le judiciaire se prête particulièrement à une telle approche.

SOURCE(S) 2019 – n° 14-15

DOSSIER : « Trop, c’est trop ! Justice, religion et société devant l’inacceptable » rassemblé et édité par Antoine Follain

Antoine Follain « Présentation » p. 7-18

Anne Brogini « Le Saint-Office de Malte et les irréductibles de l’apostasie (XVIe-XVIIe siècles) » p. 19-38

Laurent Ropp « Des tueries horribles ? Les violences religieuses dans la France du XVIe siècle selon les mémorialistes » p. 39-58

Pierre-Benoît Roumagnou « Qui trop embrasse mal étreint. Le maillage judiciaire dans les environs de Paris mis en échec au XVIIIe siècle » p. 59-74

Fabrice Mauclair « Une justice mise en échec ? Les crimes impunis de deux « méchants nobles » en Touraine au XVIIIe siècle » p. 75-92

Adèle Delaporte « Du noble incestueux à l’honneur bafoué de toute une famille : les rebondissements des crimes de Claude de Tance au XVIIIe siècle » p. 93-114

Gwénael Murphy « Justice, société et violences conjugales aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : les seuils de tolérance » p. 115-134

Élodie Lemaire, « Dans la tête du curé Bennenot. Le suicide du curé de Pompierre en Franche-Comté en 1689 » p. 135-162

DOSSIER AUTOUR D’UNE SOURCE

Antoine Follain « Cinquante nuances (criminelles) de Gray au XVIIIe siècle. Comprendre un fonds d’archives et trouver comment l’étudier » et « Les jugements définitifs pour homicide dans le « registre des sentences » du bailliage de Gray de 1738 à 1751. Édition annotée » p. 171-220

COMPTES RENDUS, ANNONCES, CHANTIERS EN COURS

Camille Dagot (position de thèse dir. Antoine Follain) « Le voleur face à ses juges. Criminels d’habitude et délinquants d’occasion dans les Vosges lorraines des XVIe et XVIIe siècles » p. 222-230

http://ea3400.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/DUN/ea_3400/Revue_sources/Sources_14-15_web_complet.pdf
SOURCE(S) 2017 – n° 11

DOSSIER : : « Trop, c’est trop ! » rassemblé et édité par Antoine Follain

Antoine Follain « Présentation » p. 7-14

Adrien Dubois « Abdication face à l’intolérable ou désir de vengeance posthume : suicide et genre à la fin du Moyen Âge » p. 15-34

Emmanuel Gerardin « Réflexions sur les limites du pardonnable dans les lettres de rémission en Lorraine au XVIe siècle » p. 35-54

Christophe Regina « Toutes les femmes sont perfides, artificieuses, vaniteuses, curieuses et dépravées : toutes les femmes, non, mais… la soeur Marie-Thérèse de la Croix, si ! » p. 55-68

Myriam Deniel-Ternant « Effets de sources et effets de seuil de la sexualité cléricale. Mise en regard des ecclésiastiques à la Bastille et à l’officialité de Paris au XVIIIe siècle » p. 69-88

Hervé Piant « Un mauvais sujet dont la commune seroit fort aise d’être débarrassée » : justice, crimes et relations sociales en Lorraine à l’époque révolutionnaire (1799) » p. 89-106

Sarah Dumortier « Il est impossible de souffrir plu lontems les ordures qui se font au presbitaire. La paroisse entre tolérance et condamnation de la sexualité des gens d’Église (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle) » p. 107-124

AUTOUR D’UNE SOURCE

Antoine Follain « Un crime capital en voie de disparition. La bestialité et l’exemple du procès fait à Léonard Forrest en 1783 » et « Procédure commencée dans le marquisat de l’Isle-Jourdain en 1783. Édition annotée » p. 127-154

TRAVAUX DES DOCTORANTS, CHANTIERS EN COURS

Antoine Fersing (position de thèse dir. Antoine Follain) « Idoines et suffisants. Les officiers d’État et l’extension des droits du prince en Lorraine ducale (début du XVIe siècle – 1633) » p. 155-165

Antoine Follain « L’axe « Autorité Contrainte Liberté » : bilan et perspectives (2011-2018) » p. 175-180

(source: AHMUF)

OPINION: Prof. Ulrike MÜSSIG on "The European Idea of Justice"

Europe has a very specific European idea of justice: it is about reason and fairness.”

Professor Ulrike Müßig, holder of the Chair of Civil Law, German and European Legal Historian

(image source: Uni Passau)

Professor Ulrike Müßig is a European Research Council advanced grantee. She headed the “ReConFort – Reconsidering Constitutional Formation” project (grant agreement no. 339529, ReConFort) in which legal scholars spent four years researching historical constitutional debates in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain.

“Europe has a very specific European idea of justice: it is about reason and fairness. It incorporates the Aristotelian idea of goodness, the English concept of equity that uses the law to compensate for hardship, and a reason-based fairness that goes beyond formal justice. Professor Kurt Lipstein, who I was fortunate enough to learn from as a student at Cambridge, impressed me with his legal scholarship permeated with this idea. Having fled to England as a Jewish civil servant in 1933, he spent the Blitz as a faculty assistant on the very pointed roof of the Squire Law Library. With three buckets of water to combat German bombs!

This elder statesman of English international inheritance law and author of the first English textbook on European law could not and would not disappoint anyone who was looking for a book in the old Squire (where they were confusingly sorted by size). ‘Justice seen to be done’ was based on values that are both British and European: reason and fairness. Kurt Lipstein embodied and taught we German students in the 1990s that fairness could be reasonably achieved by striving time and again for a distinction between ‘what is’ and interpretation.”

(source: Prof. Müssig)

BOOK: Griet VERMEESCH, Manon VAN DER HEIJDEN, and Jaco ZUIJERDUIJN, eds., The Uses of Justice in Global Perspective, 1600-1900 (London: Routledge, 2019). ISBN 9781138476790, £29.99

(Source: Routledge)

Next month, Routledge is publishing a new book on uses of justice in a global perspective during the period 1600-1900.

ABOUT THE BOOK

The Uses of Justice in Global Perspective, 1600–1900 presents a new perspective on the uses of justice between 1600 and 1900 and confronts prevailing Eurocentric historiography in its examination of how people of this period made use of the law.

Between 1600 and 1900 the towns in Western Europe, the Kingdoms in Eastern Europe, the Empires in Asia and the Colonial States in Asia and the Americas were all characterized by a plurality of legal orders resulting from interactions and negotiations between states, institutions, and people with different backgrounds. Through exploring how justice is used within these different areas of the world, this book offers a broad global perspective, but it also adopts a fresh approach through shifting attention away from states and onto how ordinary people lived with and made use of this ‘legal pluralism’.

Containing a wealth of extensively contextualised case studies and contributing to debates on socio-legal history, processes of state formation from below, access to justice, and legal pluralism, The Uses of Justice in Global Perspective, 1600–1900 questions to what degree top-down imposed formal institutions were used and how, and to what degree, bottom-up crafted legal systems were crucial in allowing transactions to happen. It is ideal for students and scholars of early modern justice, crime and legal history.

ABOUT THE EDITORS

Manon van der Heijden is Professor of Urban History at Leiden University and a member of the Academia Europaea. She recently published Women and Crime in Early Modern Holland (2016).

Jaco Zuijderduijn is Associate Professor at the Department of Economic History at Lund University, Sweden. His main research interest is the development of economic exchange and conflict resolution. He previously published Medieval Capital Markets: Markets for Renten, State Formation and Private Investment in Holland (1300–1550).

Griet Vermeesch is a fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels, in Belgium. Her research relates to urban history and to access to justice in the Low Countries during the early modern period.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction

Manon van der Heijden and Griet Vermeesch

2 The Sinitic Justice System, Past and Present – in a Global Perspective

Philip C. C. Huang

3 Threads of the legal web. Dutch law and everyday colonialism in eighteenth-century Asia

Alicia Schrikker and Dries Lyna

4 Facing the Law in Eighteenth-century Galle

Nadeera Rupesinghe

5 Legal pluralism in the cities of the early modern Kingdom of Poland: the jurisdictional conflicts and uses of justice by Armenian merchants

Alexandr Osipian

6 The Use and Abuse of Legal Services in Nineteenth-century Russia

Elizaveta Blagodeteleva

7 Skipping Court: Civil Disputes in Sixteenth-Century Rouen

Katherine Godwin

8 In hope of agreement. Norm and practice in the use of institutes for dispute settlement in late seventeenth-century Leiden

Aries van Meeteren and Griet Vermeesch

9 Justice and the confines of the law in Early Modern Spain

Tomás Mantecón

10 Lo extrajudicial: Between Court and Community in the Spanish Empire

Bianca Premo

11 Legal pluralism, hybridization and the uses of everyday criminal law in Quebec, 1760-1867

Donald Fyson

Index

More information here

PODCAST: Histoire de la justice [La Fabrique de l'Histoire] (France Culture)

(image source: France Culture)

La Fabrique de l'Histoire, France Culture's flagship academic history podcast, welcomed a series of colleagues to discuss the history of justice.

Themes:

• Medieval justice
• Epuration and Vichy
• When the population demands justice...
• Social sciences and international criminal justice

More information here.

JOURNAL: Histoire de la justice nr. 28 (2018/1): Justice et Oubli (France - Rwanda)

(image source: CAIRN)

The journal Histoire de la Justice (published by the Association française pour l'histoire de la justice, :ISSN 1639-4399) published its 2018 issue, devoted to Justice et oubli: Frnace - Rwanda.

Abstract:

S’interroger sur l’oubli et le droit permet de réinterroger sous un autre angle l’État et sa Justice dans leur rôle de gardiens de la mémoire judiciaire, de questionner les usages et mésusages, et d’examiner les fonctions politiques et sociales de la conservation mémorielle du crime et du criminel. Dans un contexte particulièrement ambigu, où le droit à l’oubli sonne comme une revendication de plus en plus entendue, où les juridictions européennes sanctionnent les pays, comme la France, pour une collecte trop minutieuse et une conservation trop longue des passés judiciaires, mais aussi dans un contexte où l’État, mu par une dynamique qui lui est propre, cherche davantage à tracer, à suivre, à se souvenir, pour mieux poursuivre et contrôler, il n’est pas anodin de poser un regard rétrospectif sur cette dialectique mémoire/oubli dans le champ pénal pour mieux envisager sa construction et, partant, ses effets et ses fonctions à travers le temps. Peut-être avons-nous oublié les vertus d’un oubli que les Anciens savaient à l’occasion manier pour écarter les effets mortifères d’une mémoire infinie.
À la croisée des regards (juridiques, historiques, anthropologiques, psychologiques et éthiques), l’oubli se déploie dans toutes ses dimensions sociales, politiques et judiciaires pour mieux mettre en valeur, par des études de cas et des réflexions au long cours, les ressorts d’un oubli pacificateur ou objet de luttes. Une large place est ainsi accordée aux pratiques de pardon et d’oubli au Rwanda, comme pour mieux signifier la permanente ressource qu’il offre. Enrichi des investigations menées dans le cadre d’une mission au Rwanda par des membres de l’Association française pour l'histoire de la justice, où rescapés et acteurs de la mémoire ont été écoutés, ce dossier se veut avant tout un questionnement scientifique de ce qui semble aller de soi : les vertus politiques de l’oubli judiciaire.

 Contributions by Mathieu Soula, Claude Gauvard, Stéphane Gacon, Jean-Pierre Royer, Dominique Foyer, Jean-Pierre Allinne, Pascal Texier, Jean-Paul Jean, Jean Motte dit Falisse, Benoît Guillou, Sylvie Humbert, Jean-Pierre Sagahutu, Assumpta Mugiraneza, Denis Salas, Jean-Amédée Lathoud and Cathy Leblanc.

More information on cairn.

CONFERENCE & CFP: "Justice, Mercy and Law: from revenge to forgiveness in the History of Law" (Murcia, December 13-16, 2016)

WHAT Justice, Mercy and Law: from revenge to forgiveness in the History of Law, Conference and Call for papers

WHEN December 13-16, 2016

WHERE Catedra Inocentio III, Murcia, Spain

 The main purpose of the Law has been to accomplish the Justice. However, the administration of the Justice has not always met the current models of the public justice, but it has greatly changed over the centuries. Likewise, the Justice has been understood in many ways, with predominance of the points of view that tend to comprehend it in a retributive way. On the other hand, the Justice has been understood as a way of repentance and expiation of the criminal sin, sometimes turned into a religious sin. 

For such purposes, we call on interested researchers to submit papers related to the figure of Innocent III from the standpoint of law in general, Canon Law, Philosophy, Theology, History of Institutions, Roman Law, Comparative Law, Art History, History, Sociology, Historiography and any other discipline that can shed light on the subject proposed, being the following: 

Program

 1. Public Justice 

a. Organization of the Justice in continental Europe. 

b. The legal process: Civil Justice and Ecclesiastical Justice. 

c. The imposition and compliance of the sentence. 

2. Private Justice 

a. Private revenge. 

b. Revenge for honor. 

c. Public consequences of the Private Justice. 

3. Forgiveness and Mercy 

a. Forgiveness as a way of discharging the criminal responsibility. 

b. The sentence as the penance for the sinner defendant. 

c. The mercy for the criminal/sinner.