Histoire du droit des gens de la Renaissance à aujourd’hui (Gaëlle Demelestre) [OPEN ACCESS]
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234090
First paragraph:
L’histoire du droit international connaît depuis les années 2010 un regain d’intérêt chez les historiens du droit et un développement florissant suite à l’impulsion donnée aux études juridiques critiques (Critical Legal Studies) par les ouvrages pionniers de Martti Koskenniemi1. Parler d’une histoire du droit international suffit à pointer le tournant méthodologique opéré par ces théoriciens dans l’approche de leur objet. Rompant avec la représentation du droit international comme d’un ensemble de principes normatifs autonomes et atemporels que le théoricien devrait dégager, ils privilégient l’examen de « l’évolution du droit international public et étudient la pratique des États, le développement des concepts et des théories juridiques donnés, et la vie et le travail de ses créateurs2 ». Pour les promoteurs du Tournant historique du droit international (Turn to history in international law), il s’agit de « conceptualiser les idéologies ou concepts juridiques dans l’environnement intellectuel, social et politique dans lequel ils ont opéré3 ».
La théorisation du ius gentium comme droit de la société civile du genre humain (Gaëlle Demelestre)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234084
Abstract:
The beginning of the 16th century was marked in Europe by a profound upheaval in the representation of man and the world. Faced with the questioning of the unity of the human race, scholars forged a new doctrine of ius gentium based on the thesis that men, although divided into nations, all come out of the civil society of the human race as members of humanity. Three innovations contribute to the thematization of the civil society of humankind as support of the law of nations, on which we will return successively: a juridical approach of the human race, the establishment of an instance capable of producing rules valid for all men and nations, and a reinscription of the plurality of nations in an open time and multiple spatiality, from which the new themes of global peace and stability emerge.
Ius gentium : la contribution des juristes humanistes à l’orée du XVIe siècle (Shingo Akimoto)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234081
Abstract:
Born in Antiquity and transformed during the Middle Ages, the law of nations took a decisive turn in the 16th century, when Spanish theologians, confronted with the conquest of the American continent, established it as a cornerstone of international law. However, while their influence on these theologians is acknowledged, the contribution of legal humanists – renovators of legal science – remains largely unknown. Our article seeks to fill this gap by exploring the reform initiated by Guillaume Budé, the first humanist to comment on the Digest. Drawing on Cicero’s philosophical ideas, Budé identified human reason as the sole source of law and redefined the medieval conception of the two laws of nations. German jurist Ulrich Zasius would later develop this perspective from a different angle. Thus, their work paved the way for a renewed philosophical reflection on the law of nations as a law of humanity.
Vitoria, Soto, and Suárez on totus orbis and the Secularization of ius gentium (Bart Wauters)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234089
Abstract:
This article presents an analysis of the doctrine produced by Spanish scholastic theologians on the relationship between ius gentium and natural law. It questions their writings to see to what extent it is possible to speak of a “secularized” concept of ius gentium. The article focuses on three key thinkers on this question, Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto, and Francisco Suárez, and places them within the relevant intellectual traditions of the 16th century, in particular, Thomist and Bartolist legal theories.
Le dominium et le ius dans l’œuvre de Francisco Suárez (Arnaud de Solminihac)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234087
Abstract:
This article explores the implications of Suárez’s new definition of law, and in particular his desire to make dominium an institution of the ius gentium. This approach determines the definition of this notion in Suárez’s work in relation to other authors such as Thomas Aquinas, Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto.
Le ius gentium de Francisco de Vitoria aux frontières américaines de l’Empire espagnol (1550-1610). L’ambivalente évolution d’un discours global de domination (José Luis Egío)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234085
Abstract:
This article focuses on how Francisco Vitoria’s Relectio de indis (1539) and, in particular, the titles of ius gentium with which he legitimised the conquests made by the Spaniards during the first fifty years of Iberian presence in the New World, were taken up by scholastic jurists and theologians in northern and southern America, particularly in Mexico and Chile. It shows how Vitoria’s ideas were used to justify new wars and campaigns to enslave indigenous populations, but also criticized, complemented by new punitive discourses against rebellion and apostasy, and, above all, adapted to the particular needs of local settlers.
A Protestant Ius Gentium? Ius Gentium According to Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Protestant Moral Theologians (Paolo Astorri)
DOI
Abstract:
The development of early modern international law has often been credited to Protestant natural lawyers and early modern scholastics. Amidst efforts to resolve religious conflicts across Europe and address the legal standing of Indigenous peoples, ius gentium emerged with a distinct identity. While some Protestant theologians argued that ius gentium was inseparable from natural law in theological contexts, others viewed it as an intermediary between natural and positive law, or human law based on the common consent of nations. This essay examines these differing viewpoints through the writings of early modern Lutheran and Reformed theologians, especially in Germany and England. Despite theological criticisms of ius gentium, many theologians applied it pragmatically to address moral dilemmas and influence Christian ethics. The study of illicit moral behavior and matters of conscience was a crucial concern during this period, underscoring the importance of their contributions.
Measure for Measure: Alberico Gentili, International Law, and the Reason of State (Valentina Vadi)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234088
Abstract:
In humanist political theory, the concept of reason of state mostly described a course of action that did not follow the usual criteria of law (iustum), but rather what was useful (utile). Nonetheless, a broader understanding of the reason of state considered a community’s core values. Such common interests (ius status or ragion di stato) could be contrasted with, and balanced against, those of the international community (ius gentium or ragione delle genti). According to the latter view the reason of state did not abolish the rule of law but laid down the conditions for its application. It was not the expression of immoral politics. Rather, it indicated good state governance in order to preserve public safety (mantenere o conservare lo Stato). The article investigates the evolution of the concept of reason of state in humanist political theory and how Alberico Gentili (1552-1608), a religious refugee and Regius Professor at the University of Oxford, transplanted it from political theory into the law of nations.
Le ius gentium dans la pensée de Heinrich et Samuel von Cocceji (Lucia Bianchin)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234083
Abstract:
The article contributes to deepening the debate on the concept of ius gentium in the European legal tradition between the 17th and 18th centuries by investigating the thought of two German jurists who are still little studied in this respect. The first is Heinrich Coccejus (1644-1719), professor of natural law in Heidelberg and later in Frankfurt-on-the-Oder. He is the author of various treatises and dissertations on the subject of ius gentium. His most famous work is an extensive commentary on Grotius’ De iure belli ac pacis, entitled Grotius illustratus, completed and published in 1744-1752 by his son Samuel. Samuel von Cocceji (1679-1755), called « the great chancellor of Frederick II », was the ideologue of some important reforms of the Prussian enlightened ruler inspired by natural law principles, including the Corpus iuris Fridericiani (1749-1751).
La réception intellectuelle de Francisco de Vitoria chez les juristes internationaux à travers le temps (Ignacio de la Rasilla)
DOI 10.1163/19552343-14234086
Abstract:
The first part of our contribution examines the factors behind the first intellectual reception of Francisco de Vitoria and the “Divines of Salamanca” in the history of international legal ideas at the end of the nineteenth century. The second part explains the main factors behind the second reception of Vitoria and the subsequent consolidation of the international reputation of Vitoria and the “Spanish classics” as founding fathers of international law in the inter-war period. The third part analyses the three main dimensions of Vitoria’s third reception in the globalized post-Cold War era among international lawyers including the global-constitutionalist dimension, the postcolonial dimension and the historiographical dimension and their relevance in the context of the ‘turn to the history of international law’. The conclusion considers the scope and research potential of a renewed Vitorian historiography for the study of the history of international law.
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